Lokacin da makamin roka na Starship na SpaceX ya huda sararin samaniya, lokacin da jirgin dakon kaya na kasar Sin na cikin gida ya ratsa raƙuman ruwa na teku, da kuma lokacin da makamashin nukiliya na "Hualong One" ya haskaka gidaje marasa adadi-bayan waɗannan al'amuran ban mamaki akwai jarumin kimiyyar kayan da ba a waƙa ba: karfe na musamman. Ko ya jure da iskar roka mai zafin digiri 1800, yakin da ke dauke da gishiri da manyan jiragen ruwa ke yi, ko kuma makaman nukiliya da ke hamayya da tsakiyar rana, karafa na musamman na tura iyakokin rayuwar masana'antu tare da fasahohin kayan aiki.
01 Gwaji ta Wuta: Waƙar Kankara da Wuta a Injin Roka
A cikin dakin konewa na injin YF-77 hydrogen-oxygen a kan roka na Long March 5, iskar gas mai tsayin digiri 3000 yana gudana a ranar 7 ga Maris, tare da kowane santimita murabba'in fuskantar matsin lamba mai kwatankwacin nauyin giwar Afirka da ke tsaye da kafa daya. Karfe na yau da kullun zai narke kamar cakulan a cikin irin wannan yanayi. Amma injiniyoyin sararin samaniyar kasar Sin suna da makamin sirri -Innel 625 gami-wanda zai iya jure wa 500 seconds na ci gaba da aiki ba tare da lalacewa ba.
Yayin da rokar ta fashe da harshen wuta mai shuɗi, abin da jama'a ba su gani ba shine Inconel 625 mai jurewa 2000 m³/s na zaizayar iskar gas a cikin farantin injector. Ya ƙunshi 61% nickel, 22% chromium, da 9% molybdenum, wannan superalloy yana nuna juriya na ban mamaki a cikin matsanancin yanayin konewa:
- Sihiri na canza nickel: Lokacin ƙarfafa γ' a cikin kayan haɗin da aka yi da nickel yana kula da ƙarfin 760 MPa a 1000 ° C - sau uku na ginin karfe a dakin da zafin jiki.
- Molybdenum's ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙarfin ƙarfi: Kowane 1% karuwar molybdenum yana haɓaka rayuwa mai zafi mai zafi da 15%, yana ba da damar injuna kamar RD-180 don samar da 3,900 kN na turawa a matakin teku.
- Garkuwar oxidation na Chromium: A cikin mahalli masu wadatar iskar oxygen, fina-finai na Cr₂O₃ oxide da aka kafa ta chromium suna rage adadin iskar oxygen zuwa 1/50 na daidaitattun karfe.
Dabarun masana'antu na ci gaba kamar narkewar shigar da injin da kuma narkewar electroslag suna rage abun cikin iskar oxygen da ke ƙasa da ppm 10 - daidai da daidaitaccen gyaran ƙarfe na DNA. Laser 3D bugu yana ba da damar ruwan wukake don shuka hatsi a gaba tare da layin damuwa, inganta rayuwar gajiya da 300%.
Wani sanannen lamari: Injin Raptor na SpaceX yana amfani da gariyar Inconel da aka gyara don cimma matsi na ɗakin konewa na mashaya 300, yana kafa sabbin bayanai don injunan LOX-methane. Wannan nasarar ta samo asali ne daga madaidaicin micro-alloying tare da niobium da titanium, yana ƙara iyakar zafin jiki da 150 ° C.
02 Barazanar Teku mai zurfi: Yaƙin Karni Tsakanin Karfe na Jirgin ruwa da Chloride Ions
Tafiya ta Tekun Kudancin China, VLCC mai nauyin ton 300,000 (Mai Girman Danyen Mai) yana fuskantar 2.5 kg/m² na lalatawar gishiri a kowace shekara. Duk da yake na al'ada marine karafa tasowa ramummuka a cikin watanni uku. 2205 Duplex bakin karfe yana jurewa shekaru 15 a cikin yanayi guda - yana tsawaita rayuwar hidima da sau 60.
Akan VLCCs da ke kewaya mashigin Malacca, karfe 2205 duplex karfe yana fuskantar ruwan teku mai dauke da sinadarin chloride 3.5% a cikin “yakin mahara.” Tare da 22% chromium, 5% nickel, da 3% molybdenum, microstructure na biyu-lokaci yana samar da kariya mai girma dabam:
Yin-Yang Balance na Duplex Karfe
- Matakin Austenite (50%): Ƙarfafa tare da nitrogen don tsayayya da yaduwa - "ƙarfi mai laushi" kamar Tai Chi.
- Matakin Ferrite (50%)Molybdenum yana ƙirƙira MoO₄²⁻ fina-finai masu ban sha'awa, suna samar da "Golden Shield" a kan pitting.
- Tsari bidi'a: Mirgina a daidai 950 ° C yana tabbatar da ƙimar lokaci mafi kyau don lalata da ma'aunin ƙarfi.
- Ferrite ta lalata sansanin soja: Fina-finan chromium masu wuce gona da iri suna haɓaka yuwuwar rami zuwa +1000 mV.
- bangon taurin AusteniteNitrogen yana haɓaka haɓakawa zuwa 35%, yana ɗaukar tasiri daga kumbura na teku.
- Molybdenum ta lalata maharbi: A cikin yankunan walda da zafi ya shafa, Mo₂N yana haɓaka ƙimar lalatawar intergranular zuwa 0.01 mm / shekara.
A cikin gwaje-gwajen kwatankwacin, tankunan ballast da aka yi daga karfe 2205 duplex karfe sun nuna matsakaicin zurfin rami na 0.15 mm kawai bayan haɓakar simintin lalata na shekaru 20-a kan 1.2 mm don 316L. Wannan bambance-bambancen da ba a iya gani ba zai iya tantance ko motar tanka ta kammala wasu tafiye-tafiye guda 10.
03 Cutar Nukiliya: Rayuwa-da-Mutuwa a Sikelin Atom
3.1 Gwaji Mafi Girma Fiye da Rana
A cikin jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba na Reactor "Hualong One, 345°C babban matsi na ruwa yana gudana a 15 m/s kuma yana jure iskar neutron na 10¹⁹ n/cm². Innel 690, wanda ya yi aiki a nan tsawon shekaru 60, yana nuna sauye-sauye na kasa da 0.1% - daidai da kuskuren tsayin tsayin gashi daya kacal daga nisan Beijing zuwa Shanghai.
A cikin AP1000 reactor, Inconel 690 yana jure wa matsa lamba 155, yanayin zafi 343°C, da sa'o'i miliyan miliyan na bayyanar neutron. Ya ƙunshi 59% nickel, 30% chromium, da 10% baƙin ƙarfe, ya ƙunshi yare na kayan kare lafiyar nukiliya:
- Injiniyan iyakar hatsi: Rushewa sau uku yana rage bazuwar iyakoki a ƙasa da 30%, ƙirƙirar "shamakin maze" zuwa lalacewar radiation.
- Tsarin ƙaura Chromium: Yankunan masu wadata na Cr suna samun kansu a ƙarƙashin iska mai iska, suna gyara lahani kamar masu kula da sikelin nano.
- Damuwa lalata rigakafi: 30% chromium yana rage yuwuwar buɗaɗɗen kewayawa ta 200 mV, yana rufe “akwatin Pandora” na SCC.
- Nickel matrix juriyaFace-center cubic (FCC) Tsarin yana iyakance kumburin radiation zuwa 0.1% kowace shekara - 1/20th na karfen ferritic.
- Shamakin SCC na Chromium: A cikin mahallin boric acid, 30% Cr yana ɗaga bakin SCC zuwa 25 ksi√in.
- Advanced hatsi iyaka fasahar: Sau uku recrystallization yana ɗaga Σ3 iyaka juzu'i zuwa 75%, yankan intergranular lalata ji na ƙwarai to 1/3 na ASME iyaka.
Kasar Sin ta ci gaba da zaman kanta CN-P2 makaman nukiliya, haɓakawa tare da microalloying V-Ti-B, ya zarce 250 J a cikin tasirin tasiri na babba. A cikin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a tashar samar da makamashin nukiliya ta Yangjiang, juriyar gajiyarsa ya zarce ka'idojin ASME da kashi 40 cikin XNUMX, wanda ke nuna sauyi daga "Made in China" zuwa "Innovated in China."
A cikin rukunin EPR na Taishan, gyare-gyaren Inconel 690 bututu sun rage yiwuwar SCC a gefen farko daga 10⁻⁻/shekara (Gen II) zuwa 10⁻⁷ / shekara - haɓaka tazarar gazawa daga sau ɗaya cikin shekaru dubu goma zuwa sau ɗaya a cikin miliyan.
04 Juyin Juyin Halitta: Ƙarfe na Musamman na Gaba-Gen
A cikin labs na Harbin Welding Institute, sabon 9Ni karfe yana fuskantar gwaje-gwaje a cikin -196°C ruwa nitrogen. An ƙera shi don tankunan LNG, Nial nano-sikelin sa yana haɓaka ƙarfin tasirin zafi sama da 200 J. Hanyoyi masu tasowa sun haɗa da:
- Materials genome engineeringƘididdigar ƙididdiga mai girma tana gano ingantattun abubuwan ƙira kamar Cr20Ni25Mo6N0.2, yanke lokacin R&D da 70%.
- Kayan shafawa mai wayo: Laser cladding WC-barbashi gradient coatings a kan 625 alloys triples yashwa juriya.
- Kayayyakin zamanin hydrogen: matsananci-tsarki Cr32Ni47 ferritic karfe yana rage hazakar hydrogen a kasa 10 ppm.
Metamaterials: Sake fasalin Dokokin Jiki
Ƙaƙƙarfan alluran ƙyalli waɗanda aka yi ta zaɓin narkewar Laser suna auna 1/3 na ƙarfe kawai amma suna da ƙarfi a 1800 ° C. Ƙwarewar kwarangwal na silica na soso mai zurfi na teku, tsarin saƙar zuma na biomimetic ya ƙi al'ada.
Maganin Sin: Jagorar Juyin Juyin Halitta na Duniya
Baosteel's BW300PRO tsarin ƙarfe na bakin teku-wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Cu-P-Ni- yana riƙe da ƙarfin -60°C yayin samun ƙarfin samar da 690 MPa. Wannan ƙirƙira tana rage farashi don dandamalin teku mai zurfi da kashi 40% kuma yana rage lokacin bayarwa da kashi biyu bisa uku.