Mu sau da yawa magana game da simintin gyare-gyare, ƙirƙira, machinability, weldability, da zafin magani na bakin karfe-amma mun fahimci ainihin ma'anar waɗannan sharuɗɗan? Mutane da yawa na iya samun m ra'ayi na yadda wani tsari aiki, amma idan aka tambaye su bayyana shi a fili, za su iya kasa kasa. Wannan labarin yana taƙaita hanyoyin sarrafa bakin karfe da aka fi sani da shi azaman tunani don amfani da fasaha da masana'antu.
Bakin Karfe: Me Yasa Aka Yi Amfani Da Shi
Bakin karfe an san shi da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake amfani da shi sosai a masana'antu daban-daban. Akwai maki da yawa na bakin karfe da ake samu a yau, kowannensu ya bambanta da tsari, ƙarfi, da iya aiki. Tsakanin su, 304 bakin karfe da kuma 316 bakin karfe sune mafi yawan gama gari.
304 (A2 bakin karfe): Ya ƙunshi 18-20% chromium da 8-10% nickel.
316 (A4 bakin karfe): Ya ƙunshi kusan 16% chromium, 10% nickel, da 2-3% molybdenum.
Babban bambancin shine cewa 316 ya ƙunshi molybdenum, wanda ke inganta juriya ga lalata chloride. Wannan ya sa 316 ya dace musamman don juriyar sinadarai a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, kamar juriya ga fatty acid da sulfuric acid. Yana iya jure yanayin zafi har zuwa 871 ° C, yana mai da shi manufa don amfani a cikin ruwa.
Kayan aiki
304 bakin karfe ya fi sauƙi don inji fiye da 316.
Hakanan yana da sauƙin tsaftacewa kuma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don kammala kayan ado.
316 bakin karfe, da bambanci, ya fi wuya a yanke kuma yana buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman. Yawanci ana amfani da shi ne kawai lokacin da wasu kayan suka gaza cika buƙatun aikace-aikacen.
Kayan aikin Injin & Dabaru
Dukansu 304 da 316 suna buƙatar kayan aiki masu nauyi saboda mahimmancin rawar jiki yayin aiki.
Carbide ko Karfe mai sauri (HSS) Ana ba da shawarar kayan aikin, tare da HSS yana yin mafi kyau a ƙananan saurin yankewa.
Aiki hardening gama gari ne a duk nau'ikan karafa 300, tare da 316 suna da haɗari musamman. Don magance wannan:
Yi amfani da kayan aiki masu kaifi.
Yi aiki a ƙananan sauri da mafi girman ƙimar ciyarwa.
Don hadaddun sassa, yi amfani da yanke mai zurfi da ƙimar abinci mai yawa don rage taurin aiki.
Castability na Bakin Karfe
Castability yana nufin yadda za a iya jefa bakin karfe da kyau a cikin sassan sauti, wanda ya ƙunshi mahimman kaddarorin guda uku:
Sanyi: Ƙarfe na narkakkar don cika mold.
Shrinkage: Matsayin da ƙarfin ƙarfe ya yi kwangila akan ƙarfafawa.
Yankewa: Rashin daidaituwa rarraba abun da ke tattare da sinadaran yayin ƙarfafawa.
Nasihu don Yanke Bakin Karfe
Don yankan sanduna tare da diamita ≤ 40 mm:
Yi amfani da kayan aikin yankan ƙarfe mai sauri don sakamako mai kyau.
Don manyan diamita:
amfani kayan aikin carbide don kula da inganci a ƙananan saurin yankewa.
Muhimman shawarwarin yanke:
Rike kusurwar rake kayan aiki a 0°. Bakin karfe yana haifar da gaggarumin gogayya da guntuwar guntu, wanda zai iya haifar da karyewar kayan aiki idan ba a sarrafa shi da kyau ba.
Kauce wa manyan kayan aiki hanci radi, wanda zai iya rage raƙuman taimako na baya da kuma ƙara yawan lalacewa.
Ajiye kayan aiki akai-akai, musamman ma fuskan taimako. Yawan lalacewa yana rage tsagi kuma yana haifar da gazawar kayan aiki.
goge fuskar kayan aiki don rage lalacewa na adhesion da inganta rayuwar kayan aiki.
Aiwatar da madaidaicin chamfer (~ 0.2mm) a yankan gefen don hana guntuwa da ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfi.
Nasihar darajar carbide: YG8
Gudun yankewa: Kimanin. 60 m / min
Don diamita na 40-80 mm, ana iya samun yanke ta hanyar wucewa ɗaya.
Yi amfani da matakan tsaro don karya dogon guntuwa da guje wa rauni.
Karbuwa
Forgeability yana nufin ikon bakin karfe don jurewa nakasawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba (zafi ko sanyi) ba tare da tsagewa ba. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙirƙira guduma, birgima, zane, da kuma extrusion. Haɗin sinadarai yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade ƙirƙira.
Weldability
Weldability yana bayyana daidaitawar bakin karfe zuwa hanyoyin walda, gami da:
Mutuncin Haɗin gwiwa: Lalacewar lahani a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayin walda.
Dacewar Aiki: Ability don saduwa da bukatun sabis bayan waldi.
Hanyoyin Maganin Zafi
1. Yin kira
Ya haɗa da dumama karfe zuwa wani zafin jiki, riƙe shi na ɗan lokaci, sannan a sanyaya a hankali.
Nufa: Rage taurin, sauke danniya, inganta ductility, da kuma shirya don ƙarin aiki.
2. Yin al'ada
Karfe yana mai zafi 30-50 ° C sama da babban mahimmancinsa kuma yana sanyaya cikin iska.
Nufa: Inganta ƙarfi, tsaftace girman hatsi, kawar da lahani na tsari, da shirya don ƙarin maganin zafi.
3. Kashewa
Karfe yana zafi sama da mahimmancinsa kuma yana sanyaya cikin sauri don samar da tsarin martensitic.
Nufa: Ƙara tauri, ƙarfi, da juriya. Hanyoyin gama gari sun haɗa da wankan gishiri, matakin martensitic, bainitic, saman ƙasa, da quenching na gida.
4. Zafin rai
Bayan quenching, karfe yana sake yin zafi a ƙasa da ƙananan mahimmanci, riƙe da sanyaya.
Nufa: Rage damuwa na ciki, inganta tauri da ductility yayin riƙe taurin.
5. Magani Magani
Ya haɗa da dumama zuwa wani yanki mai zafin jiki mai zafi, riko, sannan sanyaya cikin sauri.
Nufa: Ƙirƙirar ingantaccen mafita mai ƙarfi da haɓaka aikin gabaɗaya.
6. Hazo Hardening
Yana faruwa lokacin da zarra ko barbashi suka yi hazo daga ingantaccen bayani mai ƙarfi, yana ƙarfafa kayan.
Misali: Austenitic bakin karfe yana jurewa wannan bayan maganin maganin ko sanyi aiki.
7. Maganin tsufa
Ana adana kayan abu a ɗaki ko zafin jiki mai tsayi bayan jiyya na bayani ko nakasar filastik.
Nufa: Sauke damuwa na ciki, daidaita tsari da girma, da inganta kayan aikin injiniya.
Enarfafawa
Hardenability yana bayyana yadda zurfin da daidaitaccen abu zai iya taurare yayin kashewa. Yana shafar:
Abubuwan sinadaran (musamman abubuwan alloying)
Girman hatsi
Zazzabi mai zafi da lokacin riƙewa
Babban taurin yana nufin mafi kyawun aikin injina a duk faɗin sashe, ƙananan murdiya, da rage haɗarin fashewa.