Garin da ke da juriya da lalacewa a ciki, ƙarfe mai ƙarfi a waje - bututun da aka haɗa da bimetallic na kasar Sin ya karya abin da ya fi dacewa kuma yana ƙarfafa “layin rayuwa” don watsa mai da iskar gas mai zurfin teku.
A zurfin mita 1,500 a cikin tekun kudancin kasar Sin, makamashi "hanyoyin jini" suna kwance a karkashin tekun. Wadannan bututun na dauke da zafi mai zafi, matsananciyar matsa lamba, da kuma gurbataccen mai da iskar gas, yayin da suke jure matsanancin matsin ruwan teku da zaizayar kasa daga waje. Bututun ƙarfe na al'ada na carbon suna rayuwa ne kawai 'yan watanni a ƙarƙashin irin wannan mawuyacin yanayi, yayin da cikakkun bututun gami na nickel, ko da yake sun yi fice wajen aiki, suna da tsadar gaske.
A watan Yuni 2025, Ansteel Group ya ba da sanarwar ci gaba: tare da haɗin gwiwar abokan hulɗa na gida, sun sami nasarar haɓaka bututu mai haɗaɗɗun bimetallic daga Inconel 625 nickel tushen gami + bututun bututun ƙarfe X65, yadda ya kamata warware wannan matsala. Wannan sabon tsarin bututun - "lalacewar gami da rufin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi" - yana daidaita aiki da farashi, yana haɓaka fasahar bututun teku na kasar Sin zuwa sahun gaba na ƙirar duniya.
01. Dual Dilemma of Traditional Materials in Extreman Mahalli
Yayin da bukatar makamashi ta duniya ke karuwa, binciken mai da iskar gas ya tashi daga kasa zuwa zurfin teku, kuma daga al'ada zuwa matsananciyar yanayin da ke tattare da yanayin zafi, matsanancin matsin lamba, da lalata.
A ci gaban mai da iskar gas a cikin teku, bututun na fuskantar kalubalen da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Bututun ƙarfe na ƙarfe na al'ada suna raguwa da sauri a ƙarƙashin tasirin haɗin gwiwar kafofin watsa labarai masu lalata da yanayin matsa lamba. Abubuwa masu lalata kamar su chlorides, hydrogen sulfide, da carbon dioxide suna aiki a matsayin masu kisan gilla, ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba suna lalata bangon bututun ciki.
Bututun gami na nickel suna ba da juriya mai inganci, amma a farashi mai tsayi - sama da sau goma farashin carbon karfe. Yin amfani da allunan nickel a duk faɗin tsarin bututun zai sa ayyukan zurfin teku ba su da ƙarfi.
Kalubale iri ɗaya sun taso a cikin tsarin makamashin nukiliya, inda bututun janareta na tururi dole ne ya tsayayya da babban zafin jiki da lalata ruwa; kuma a cikin dandali na ketare, inda bututun mai ke fuskantar lalatawar ruwan teku da lallacewar damuwa da igiyar ruwa ta haifar. Wadannan matsanancin yanayi suna haifar da tambaya mai wuya ga masana kimiyyar kayan aiki: ta yaya za mu iya daidaita ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin aiki da farashi?
02. Super Bakin Karfe: Babban Aiki, Magani mai Mahimmanci
Don magance wannan ƙalubalen, 254SMO super austenitic bakin karfe, wanda ya ƙunshi 6% molybdenum, ya fito a matsayin mafita mai ban sha'awa. An san shi don ƙimar ƙimar ƙimar ƙimarsa mai kyau, 254SMO ya fice a cikin aikace-aikacen bututun mai tsayi.
Ƙirar sinadarai ta ƙunshi:
19.5-20.5% Chromium - don juriya na oxidation,
6.0-6.5% molybdenum - don juriya mai ban mamaki,
17.5-18.5% nickel - don tsayayyen tsarin austenitic;
0.18-0.22% Nitrogen - don haɓaka ƙarfi sosai.
Madaidaicin Lamban Juriya na Pitting (PRE) - ma'aunin juriya na maɓalli - ya zarce 42.5, yana ba da damar tsaro mai ƙarfi daga rami da ɓarna a cikin mahalli masu wadatar chloride kamar ruwan teku. A wasu lokuta, yana fafatawa da galoli masu tsada kamar Hastelloy C276 da alloys titanium.
254SMO ya tabbatar da kansa a wurare daban-daban masu tsauri:
Layin bleaching, tsayayya duka acidic da oxidizing mafita na halide;
Tsire-tsire masu lalata ruwan teku, Yin hidima a cikin ruwan sanyi da tsarin ballast;
Raka'a desulfurization flue gas, fuskantar masu lalata kai tsaye.
Masu samar da kayayyaki sun jaddada abu ɗaya: "Tasirin farashi!" Idan aka kwatanta da allunan nickel na gargajiya, 254SMO yana ba da juriya irin na lalata a farashi mai mahimmanci, yana mai da shi madadin aiki a cikin yanayi mai buƙata.
Mahimman sigogin aiki na bakin karfe 254SMO:
| Ma'aunin Aiki | darajar |
| Tensile Ƙarfin | 650 MPa |
| Ƙarfin Haɓaka | 310 MPa |
| Elongation | ≥ 40% |
| PRE (Resistance Pitting) | ≥ 42.5 |
| yawa | 8.0g/cm³ |
03. "Masu Muskete Uku" na Alloys na tushen nickel
Lokacin da ko da manyan bakin karafa suka faɗi gajeru, gami da tushen nickel suna ɗaukar mataki. A cikin matsanancin zafin jiki, matsa lamba, da saitunan lalata kamar masu haɗin bututun ruwa mai zurfi da bututun injin injin nukiliya, Inconel 625 da Monel 400 suna ba da ƙimar da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba.
Inconel 625: Mai gadin Teku mai zurfi da Sashin Nukiliya
Wannan gami da nickel-chromium an tsara shi da kyau:
62% nickel - don tsarin kwanciyar hankali,
22% Chrome - don juriya na oxidation,
9% molybdenum - don tsayayya da harin chloride;
3.7% Niobium – don ƙarfafa ta m bayani hardening.
A cikin ginin jirgin ruwa, Inconel 625 yana da yawa - daga sanyin ruwan teku da tsarin kashe wuta zuwa na'urorin lantarki da kayan aiki. Yana jure wa dogon lokaci bayyanar ruwan teku da matsanancin damuwa na inji.
A cikin tashoshin makamashin nukiliya, yana aiki a cikin bututun janareta na tururi yana aiki akai-akai a 300-600 ° C, yana tsayayya da lalata ruwan zafi da radiation. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna juriya na lalata iskar gas a cikin mahalli masu lalata titanium da Hastelloy C-276.
Monel 400: Gwarzon Rage Muhalli
Idan Inconel 625 ya mamaye yanayin oxidizing, Monel 400 - tare da fiye da 63% nickel - yana mulki wajen ragewa.
Ya kasance barga a cikin sulfuric acid (<85% maida hankali);
Ya fi mafi yawan bakin karfe a cikin hydrochloric acid;
Excels a cikin yanayin sulfur mai zafi mai zafi a cikin raka'a distillation danyen;
A cikin masana'antar nukiliya, yana jure wa tace uranium da rabuwar isotope.
Musamman ma, Monel 400 yana bunƙasa a cikin tsarin ruwa na teku, ana amfani da shi a cikin famfo famfo da propellers inda ya yi tsayayya da cavitation da lalata a ƙarƙashin juyawa mai sauri. Its ductility da thermal watsin kuma sanya shi manufa domin tururi tsarin a wutar lantarki shuke-shuke.
Incoloy 825: Kwararre a H₂S Resistance
A matsayin babban memba na dangin nickel gami, Incoloy 825 (tare da ~ 40% nickel) ya yi fice da lalata damuwa na hydrogen sulfide. Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabashin kasar Sin ta kera faranti guda 825/X65 na bimetallic na bututun mai tsakanin Sin da Turkmenistan, wanda aka kera musamman don yakar lalata H₂S.
A cikin mahallin da ke ɗauke da H₂S, chlorides, da alkali karafa, yana tsayayya da pitting, lalata tsaka-tsaki, da lalatawar damuwa - manufa don manyan filayen mai da iskar gas. Lokacin da aka haɗe shi da ƙarfe na carbon, yana ba da kyakkyawan aiki yayin kashe farashi.
04. Bimetallic Composite Design: The Art of Balance
Tsarukan abu guda ɗaya suna da iyakoki na asali. Don shawo kan su, masana kimiyya sun gabatar da maganin juyin juya hali - fasahar hadewar bimetallic. Tare da "lalata-resistant gami da ciki + tsarin karfe na waje," wannan ƙirƙira daidai daidaita aiki da farashi.
A cikin 2015, dakin gwaje-gwaje na RAL na Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas ya yi nasarar samar da faranti guda 825/X65 a Nanjing Karfe. Layin 825 na ciki yana ba da juriya na lalata, yayin da X65 na waje yana tabbatar da ƙarfin tsari da araha.
Shekaru goma bayan haka, Ansteel ya ɗauki wannan gaba ta haɓakawa Inconel 625 + X65 hadadden bututu. Inconel 625 Layer na ciki (1-3mm lokacin farin ciki) yana fuskantar matsakaicin lalata; Layer X65 na waje (kauri 20-30mm) yana ɗaukar kaya.
Nasarar matsalolin fasaha a cikin samar da farantin bimetallic, Ansteel ya ba da damar ci gaba da ƙarfin ƙarfe don tabbatar da haɗin gwiwar ya cika duk ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Sakamakon haka? Rage kashi 70-80% na amfani da alluran lalata da sama da 50% tanadin farashi - duk yayin da yake tabbatar da shekaru 25+ na rayuwar sabis na bututun teku mai zurfi.
05. Sana'ar Siffata Kayayyakin Kalubale
Alloys masu aiki da yawa suna da wahalar sarrafawa saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin wutar lantarki, haɓakar sinadarai mai ƙarfi, tauri, da ƙarancin elasticity. Injiniyoyi sau da yawa suna la'akari da su "masu wahala ga injin."
Alloys na tushen nickel kamar Inconel 718, 625, da Monel 400 suna fama da matsananciyar wahala yayin aikin injin. Wannan yana haifar da manyan rundunonin yankan, saurin lalacewa na kayan aiki, ƙarancin ingancin ƙasa, da tsada mai tsada.
Dabarun inji mai zafi bayar da mafita. Nazarin ya nuna cewa injin nickel alloys a 300-600 ° C:
Yana rage kashe sojojin da kashi 30-40%,
Yanke kayan aiki sama da 30%,
Yana inganta gamawa,
Yana haɓaka rayuwar kayan aiki da sau 2-3.
dumama harshen wuta, Amfani da propane-oxygen konewa, preheats da workpiece zuwa manufa yankan yanayin zafi, rage karfi ƙarfi da guje wa sanyi ko iri hardening.
Gudanar da 254SMO kuma yana buƙatar dabaru na musamman:
Ƙarfinsa mai girma yana buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙarfi,
Welding yana buƙatar takamaiman karafa na filler (misali, ERNiCrMo-3),
Dole ne a sarrafa zafin aiki mai zafi tsakanin 1800-2100 ° F don guje wa ƙona oxide.
Masana kimiyyar kayan aiki sun jaddada: "Fasaha na sarrafawa yana da mahimmanci kamar ƙirar gami. Ta hanyar ingantaccen masana'anta ne kawai za'a iya fitar da cikakkiyar damar manyan kayan aiki."
06. Hanyar Gaba: Makomar Bututun Ƙarshen Ƙarshe
Yayin da tsarin raya zurfin teku na kasar Sin da dabarun tsaron makamashi ke ci gaba, kayayyakin bututun mai na dogon lokaci suna fuskantar damar da ba a taba samu ba.
Multifunctional composite pipelines yankin bincike ne mai zafi. Masana kimiyya suna binciken tsarin wayo waɗanda ke haɗa na'urori masu auna firikwensin, yadudduka na warkar da kai, suturar lalata, da kayan tushe don ba da damar wayar da kan yanayi, kariyar kai, da daidaita aikin.
Materials genome engineering yana haɓaka haɓakar gami ta hanyar simintin aiki a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayin lalata. Alloys masu jure wa H₂S + CO₂ + Cl⁻ barazanar sau uku za su magance hadaddun ƙalubalen sufuri mai zurfi a cikin teku.
Green masana'antu wani abin mayar da hankali ne. Gargajiya mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi nickel gami smelting yana ba da hanya zuwa injin narkewa da masana'anta ƙari (bugu 3D), yana ba da damar ƙirƙira daidaitattun sassa masu rikitarwa tare da ƙarancin sharar gida.
Masana masana'antu sun yi hasashen: "A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kasar Sin za ta ci gaba daga matsayin mai bi zuwa jagora a cikin manyan kayayyakin bututun mai, tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da kayayyaki da ci gaban fasaha, karin sabbin fasahohin ''Made in China'' za su shiga duniya."
Bayan shekaru goma na sadaukarwar bincike, ƙungiyar Ansteel ta ƙware da fasahar haɗin gwiwa. Tare da bututun bimetallic yanzu suna kara zuwa tekun Kudancin China, kasar Sin ta sami “tsarin jijiyoyin jini” da aka kirkira a cikin gida don jigilar makamashin karkashin teku.
A kan dandalin Bohai Bay na gefen teku, injiniyoyi suna duba sabbin tsarin da aka shigar. Bututun sanyaya ruwan teku daga 254SMO suna haskakawa a ƙarƙashin rana; haɗin gwiwar sun ƙunshi kayan aikin Inconel 625 masu jure lalata, yayin da manyan bututun da ke ƙarƙashin teku an ƙirƙira su ne daga sabbin abubuwan haɗin gwiwar bimetallic.
Kimiyyar kayan aiki ba ta da iyaka - kawai matsananci na gaba don cin nasara. Yayin da bil'adama ya kai zurfi, zafi, kuma mafi tsanani dauloli, tsara na gaba na gami sun riga sun yi shuru a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.